日本农业灾害补偿制度-农险论坛
作者：日本全国农业共济协会
编译：王月琴、王克
责编：左璇
备注：王月琴和左璇均为中国农业科学院农业信息研究所在读博士研究生；王克博士为中国农业科学院农业信息研究所副研究员。
出处：http://www.nosai.or.jp/nosai_kasou/nosai_eng_01.html
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农业是受自然界影响最大的行业。日本位于气候变化最强烈的亚洲季风区，由于台风、洪水、低温以及其他气象灾害的频繁发生，农业大多受到严重损失。一旦遇到这些气象灾害，受生产条件和小规模经营的限制，农民往往容易遭受严重损失，很难自行弥补因灾造成的损失。保持农业稳定、保证粮食供应一直是日本政府的重要目标。因此，日本政府建立并推进了农业保险计划，该计划运用保险的方式来帮助受灾的农民，促进日本农业的发展。政府为农业保险计划提供财政支持，该计划是政府应对自然灾害的核心举措。为适应日益变化的农业形势，该计划已经进行了多次修订，很大程度推动了日本农业的发展。
（一）农业保险计划的内容
该农业保险计划的类型由法律规定。农业保险计划的种类有以下几种：
1.大米、小麦和大麦保险（全国计划）
2.牲畜保险（全国计划）
3.水果和果树保险（可选计划）
4.田间作物和养蚕保险（可选项目）
5.温室保险（可选项目）
除了上述所列出的计划，为实施农业保险计划而建立的协会也能够保障农民的房屋和财产，即农民房屋保险。该计划为许多农产品提供保险保障，实际上几乎涵盖了日本主要农产品。
（二）农业保险计划的特点
该农业保险计划的特点有如下几条：
1.政府对该计划的保险项目的再保险人提供再保险，但不包括农民房屋保险。
2.大米、小麦和大麦保险以及牲畜保险由协会强制执行。
3.种植面积超过一定面积的稻米、小麦或大麦的农民必须购买保险。
4.政府为农民补贴部分保费。
5.政府补贴组织运营的部分费用。
（三）农业保险计划的组织结构
日本的农业保险计划首先通过当地农民的合作社设立一个共同的储备基金，这个储备基金通过累积互助保险金来弥补实际遭受自然灾害的农民损失。这是农业共济组合（AgriculturalMutual Relief ，AMR）或地方（市）政府的保险。
从其他国家的情况看，自然灾害会影响一定区域范围内的所有农民，因此，农业保险承保风险无法在地方甚至县级范围内充分分散。作为为农业保险计划分散风险的一部分，农业共济组合（AMR）和市级政府的赔付风险由县政府共济联合会提供再保险，共济联合会的赔付风险由国家政府提供再保险。
图1 日本农业保险计划的组织结构图
表1 2007年日本农业保险承保情况
承保数量
保险金额 （亿日元）
保费
总额 （百万日元）
农户负担 （百万日元）
政府负担 （百万日元）
大米和其他粮食保险
水稻
1,513
12,348
31,294
15,646
15,647
陆稻
0.2
0.5
9
4
4
小麦和大麦
248
638
7,541
4,052
3,490
总计
1,760
12,986
38,843
19,702
19,141
牲畜保险
乳用牛
2,334
3,165
40,071
19,832
20,240
肉用牛
2,564
3,901
21,180
10,068
11,112
马
28
299
1杨智伟,120
442
678
种猪
193
101
775
299
475
育肥猪
1,645
143
1野枪,855
742
1,113
总计
6,763
7,610
65,001
31,383
33,618
水果和果树保险
水果
45
1苏妙龄,048
5,508
2,754
2金成武 ,754
果树
1
71
76
38
38
总计
47
1,119
5安敏捷 ,584
2,792
2,792
田间作物保险
农作物
246
1,295
9,逍遥岛主 170
5,044
4,127
蚕茧
10
5
11
6
6
总计
-----
1,300
9,181
5,049
4,132
温室保险
25
4,442
6,024
3,009
3,016
总计
27天才钓鱼郎,457
124,634
61,935
62,699
表2 2006年日本农业保险赔付情况
受灾户数
赔偿金额 （百万日元）
政府补贴的赔偿金额 （百万日元）
大米和其他粮食作物
水稻
141
20,723
13,973
陆稻
0.1
3
0
小麦和大麦
29
8,904
817
总计
171
29,629
14,790
牲畜保险
生命险
乳用牛
166
21,456
10,728
肉用牛
69
7,867
3,933
马
1
730
365
种猪
11
502
251
育肥猪
258
2,443
1,221
总计
505
32,998
16,499
健康险
乳用牛
1,450
19,914
4,038
肉用牛
1,198
10,592
2,033
马
19
280
45
种猪
28
200
39
育肥猪
--
--
--
总计
2,695
30苏志变 ,986
6张煜雯,156
水果和果树保险
水果
18
4,958
2,200
果树
1
95
13
总计
19
5,053
2,213
田间作物保险
农作物
30
6,701
1,555
养蚕
0.1
8
2
总计
30
6,709
1,557
温室保险
30
3,651
361
总计
--
109,026
41,576
表3政府再保险专用账户的收入和支出情况（单位：百万日元）
1947年到2000的累计
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
1947年到2007的累计
农作物
9,877
32,368
27,622
-58,277
-2,709
22,870
10,596
19,993
62,339
牲畜
28,141
1,353
331
257
512
2,280
-129
1,995
34,740
水果和果树
-38,993
1,844
2,483
1,263
-3,503
2,580
1,057
1,528
-31,741
温室
13,刘进荣 432
1,193
714
874
-3,182
649
808
1,174
15,661
总计
12,457
36,758
31,150
-55刘满世 ,883
-8,883
28,379
12,331
24,690
80,999
The Framework of Japan’s Agricultura lInsurance Scheme
Introduction
Agriculture is an industry affected most by nature. Japan is situated in the Asian monsoon zone where meteorological change are greatest.Therefore, large portions of Japanese agriculture suffer heavy losses as a result of frequent damage caused by typhoons,floods, cool summers and other meteorological events.In the event of these calamities, Japanese farmers are liable to be hit badly by them on account of their production conditions and small-scale management, and it is very hard for them to recover their losses caused by themselves. Additionally,maintenance of Japanese agriculture and a food supply are important government objectives.Because of this,the government of Japan has established and maintains the Agricultural Insurance Scheme which uses insurance to help stabilize farmers suffering from damage caused by natural disasters and contribute to the growth of Japanese agriculture. This scheme is the centerpiece of the government's measures fornatural disasters in agriculture and financial assistance is provided from the government. The system has been amended many times to meet the changing agricultural situation and has made considerable contributions to the development of agriculture in Japan.
Types of the Agricultural InsuranceScheme
The types the agricultural insurance scheme are specifiedby a national law.Listed below are the types of the Agricultural Insurance Scheme.
1.Rice, Wheat and Barley Insurance(nationwide program)
2.Livestock Insurance (nationwideprogram)
3.Fruit and Fruit-tree Insurance(optional program)
4.Field Crop and Sericultural Insurance(optional program)
5.Greenhouse Insurance (optionalprogram)
Associations, which were established to carry out the agricultural insurance programs, are also capable of insuring their member farmers' houses and properties other than ones covered by the above-listed programs (Farmers' House Insurance).This scheme offers insurance coverage for many agricultural products and in fact covers almost all of the principal agricultural products in Japan.
Features of the Agricultural Insurance Scheme
The chief features of this scheme are as follows:
1.The government re-reinsures the scheme's projects excluding the Farmer's House Insurance.
2.The implementation of the projects is compulsory for the association as for the Rice, Wheat and Barley Insurance and the Livestock Insurance.
3.As for the Rice, Wheat and Barley Insurance, the participation of the farmers who cultivate either of the rice闪婚剩女 ,wheat or barley in the fields over the specific acreage is compulsory.
4.A part of the premium which member farmers bear is paid by the government.
5.The government bears a part of the operational expenses of the organizations.
Organizational Structure of the Agricultural Insurance Scheme
The Japan's Agricultural Insurance Scheme starts as the local farmers' cooperative action to establish a jointre serve fund by accumulating the contributions as premium for the purpose of making up for the loss, from which farmers who are actually hit by a natural disaster suffered. This is the insurance by the Agricultural Mutual Relief(AMR) Associations or municipal governments.
As is often the case in the other countries, a natural disaster often causes big losses to farmers over a large area. As regards the agricultural insurance, therefore, the risk cannot be adequately dispersed within the limit of communities or even prefectures.Therefore, this insurance program is operated as a device of dispersing risk, in which liabilities by the AMR Associations and the municipal governments are reinsured by their prefectural federation, and further, the federations' liabilities are re-reinsured by the national government.
The organization of the agricultural insurance is shown in the following chart.
1. Records of AgriculturalInsurance(underwriting) in 2007
The number of underwriting
Total amounts of insurance (100 million yen)
Premiums
Total amounts (million yen)
Farmer's Share (million yen)
Government Share (million yen)
Rice and the other grain insurance
Paddy rice
1,513
12,348
31,294
15,646
15,647
Upland rice
0.2
0.5
9
4
4
wheat and barley
248
638
7,541
4,052
3,490
Total
1,760
12,986
38,843
19,702
19,141
Livestock insurance
Dairy cattle
2,334
3,165
40,071
19,832
20,240
Beef cattle
2,564
3项羽真名,901
21,180
10,068
11,112
Horse
28
299
1,120
442
678
Breeding Pig
193
101
775
299
475
Fatting Pig
1,645
143
1,855
742
1,113
Total
6,763
7,610
65,001
31鞣尸,383
33,618
Fruit and fruit-tree insurance
Fruits
45
1,048
5,508
2,754
2,754
Fruit-tree
1
71
76
38
38
Total
47
1,119
5,584
2,792
2走向中枢 ,792
Field crops insurance
crops
246
1果尔除草剂 ,295
9,170
5,044
4,127
silk-cocoon
10
5
11
6
6
Total
-----
1,300
9,181
5,049
4,132
Greenhouse insurance
25
4,442
6,024
3,009
3,016
Total
27,457
124,634
61,935
62,699
2. Records of AgriculturalInsurance(damage) in 2006
The number of damaged farmers
Indemnities (million yen)
Indemnities paid by the government (million yen)
Rice and the other grain insurance
Paddy rice
141
20,723
13,973
Upland rice
0.1
3
0
wheet and barley
29
8千金填房 ,904
817
Total
171
29,629
14,790
Livestock insurance
life insurance
Dairy cattle
166
21曹瑶瑶 ,456
10,728
Beef cattle
69
7,867
3,933
Horse
1
730
365
Breeding Pig
11
502
251
Fatting Pig
258
2,443
1,221
Total
505
32,998
16,499
health insurance
Dairy cattle
1,450
19,914
4,038
Beef cattle
1,198
10,592
2,033
Horse
19
280
45
Breeding Pig
28
200
39
Fatting Pig
--
--
--
Total
2,695
30,986
6,156
Fruit and fruit-tree insurance
Fruits
18
4,958
2,200
Fruit-tree
1
95
13
Total
19
5,053
2,213
Field crops insurance
Fields crops
30
6,701
1,555
Seri cultural
0.1
8
2
total
30
6,709
1,557
Greenhouse insurance
30
3,651
361
Total
--
109,026
41,576
3. Revenue and Expenditure ofGovernment Re-reinsurance Special Account
(Unit:million yen)
Classificantion of Account
Cumulative total for fiscal
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Cumulative total for fiscal
1947 to 2000
1947 to 2007
Agriculture
9,877
32,368
27,622
-58,277
-2,709
22,870
10,596
19,993
62,339
Livestock
28,141
1,353
331
257
512
2,280
-129
1,995
34,740
Fruits and Fruit-tree
-38,993
1,844
2,483
1,263
-3,503
2,580
1,057
1,528
-31,741
Green house
13,432
1,193
714
874
-3,182
649
808
1,174
15,661
Total
12,457
36,758
31,150
-55,883
-8,883
28,379
12,331
24,690
80,999
END
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